Estimation of Dose Enhancement for Inhomogeneous Distribution of Nanoparticles: A Monte Carlo Study

High atomic number nanoparticles are of increasing interest in radiotherapy due to their significant positive impact on the local dose applied treatment site. In this work, three types metal were utilized investigate enhancement based GATE Monte Carlo simulation tool. Gold, gadolinium, and silver implanted at different concentrations a 1 cm radius sphere mimic cancerous tumor inside 10 × 30 cm3 water phantom. The innermost layer represents necrotic region, where uptake is assumed be zero, arising from hypoxic conditions. defined using mixture technique, added chemical composition tumor. A directional 2 cm2 monoenergetic photon beam was used with several energies ranging 50 keV 4000 keV. factor (DEF) measured for all under energies. maximum DEF ~7 energy highest nanoparticle concentration mg/g water. Gold followed same trend as it registered mg/g, while gadolinium 100